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+NIP-32
+======
+
+Labeling
+---------
+
+`draft` `optional`
+
+A label is a `kind 1985` event that is used to label other entities. This supports a number of use cases,
+including distributed moderation, collection management, license assignment, and content classification.
+
+This NIP introduces two new tags:
+
+- `L` denotes a label namespace
+- `l` denotes a label
+
+Label Namespace Tag
+----
+
+An `L` tag can be any string, but publishers SHOULD ensure they are unambiguous by using a well-defined namespace
+(such as an ISO standard) or reverse domain name notation.
+
+`L` tags are RECOMMENDED in order to support searching by namespace rather than by a specific tag. The special `ugc`
+("user generated content") namespace MAY be used when the label content is provided by an end user.
+
+`L` tags starting with `#` indicate that the label target should be associated with the label's value.
+This is a way of attaching standard nostr tags to events, pubkeys, relays, urls, etc.
+
+Label Tag
+----
+
+An `l` tag's value can be any string. If using an `L` tag, `l` tags MUST include a mark matching an `L`
+tag value in the same event. If no `L` tag is included, a mark SHOULD still be included. If none is
+included, `ugc` is implied.
+
+Label Target
+----
+
+The label event MUST include one or more tags representing the object or objects being
+labeled: `e`, `p`, `a`, `r`, or `t` tags. This allows for labeling of events, people, relays,
+or topics respectively. As with NIP-01, a relay hint SHOULD be included when using `e` and
+`p` tags.
+
+Content
+-------
+
+Labels should be short, meaningful strings. Longer discussions, such as for an
+explanation of why something was labeled the way it was, should go in the event's `content` field.
+
+Self-Reporting
+-------
+
+`l` and `L` tags MAY be added to other event kinds to support self-reporting. For events
+with a kind other than 1985, labels refer to the event itself.
+
+Example events
+--------------
+
+A suggestion that multiple pubkeys be associated with the `permies` topic.
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 1985,
+  "tags": [
+    ["L", "#t"],
+    ["l", "permies", "#t"],
+    ["p", <pubkey1>, <relay_url>],
+    ["p", <pubkey2>, <relay_url>]
+  ],
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+A report flagging violence toward a human being as defined by ontology.example.com.
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 1985,
+  "tags": [
+    ["L", "com.example.ontology"],
+    ["l", "VI-hum", "com.example.ontology"],
+    ["p", <pubkey1>, <relay_url>],
+    ["p", <pubkey2>, <relay_url>]
+  ],
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+A moderation suggestion for a chat event.
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 1985,
+  "tags": [
+    ["L", "nip28.moderation"],
+    ["l", "approve", "nip28.moderation"],
+    ["e", <kind40_event_id>, <relay_url>]
+  ],
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+Assignment of a license to an event.
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 1985,
+  "tags": [
+    ["L", "license"],
+    ["l", "MIT", "license"],
+    ["e", <event_id>, <relay_url>]
+  ],
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+Publishers can self-label by adding `l` tags to their own non-1985 events. In this case, the kind 1 event's author
+is labeling their note as being related to Milan, Italy using ISO 3166-2.
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 1,
+  "tags": [
+    ["L", "ISO-3166-2"],
+    ["l", "IT-MI", "ISO-3166-2"]
+  ],
+  "content": "It's beautiful here in Milan!",
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+Other Notes
+-----------
+
+When using this NIP to bulk-label many targets at once, events may be deleted and a replacement
+may be published. We have opted not to use parameterizable/replaceable events for this due to the
+complexity in coming up with a standard `d` tag. In order to avoid ambiguity when querying,
+publishers SHOULD limit labeling events to a single namespace.
+
+Before creating a vocabulary, explore how your use case may have already been designed and
+imitate that design if possible. Reverse domain name notation is encouraged to avoid
+namespace clashes, but for the sake of interoperability all namespaces should be
+considered open for public use, and not proprietary. In other words, if there is a
+namespace that fits your use case, use it even if it points to someone else's domain name.
+
+Vocabularies MAY choose to fully qualify all labels within a namespace (for example,
+`["l", "com.example.vocabulary:my-label"]`. This may be preferred when defining more
+formal vocabularies that should not be confused with another namespace when querying
+without an `L` tag. For these vocabularies, all labels SHOULD include the namespace
+(rather than mixing qualified and unqualified labels).
+
+A good heuristic for whether a use case fits this NIP is whether labels would ever be unique.
+For example, many events might be labeled with a particular place, topic, or pubkey, but labels
+with specific values like "John Doe" or "3.18743" are not labels, they are values, and should
+be handled in some other way.
+
+
+Appendix: Known Ontologies
+-------------------------
+
+Below is a non-exhaustive list of ontologies currently in widespread use.
+
+- [social.ontolo.categories](https://ontolo.social/)